Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Pharmaceuticals are chemicals that are used because of their biological activity. They are often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment. Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the aquatic environment are in the same range (μg L−1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for less-developed countries too. The health risks of active pharmaceut...

Pharmaceuticals in the environment – the global perspective

Hot spot pollutants: pharmaceuticals in the environment.

Pharmaceuticals are an important and indispensible element of modern life. They are employed in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture and aquaculture. Until the 1990s however, relatively little consideration was given to the likely fate, occurrence or effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment (PIE) following normal use. This apparent lack of scientific interest in pharmaceuticals as co...

The Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: A Review

It is well known that there is a widespread use of veterinary pharmaceuticals and consequent release into different ecosystems such as freshwater bodies and groundwater systems. Furthermore, the use of organic fertilizers produced from animal waste manure has been also responsible for the occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in agricultural soils. This article is a review of different studi...

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment – Scope of the Book and Introduction